Applied Sciences

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Pyrotechnic Oxidizer Chemistry: Study-Normalized Performance Comparison and Bibliometric Mapping
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2026-08-18)
Kaster Kamunur
;
Dinara Muktaly
;
G. S. Beisenova
;
Aigerim Akhinzhanova
;
Tolganay Atamanova
Modern pyrotechnic materials are evolving from conventional fuel–oxidizer mixtures toward function-oriented energetic systems designed for controlled ignition, light emission, gas generation, pressure output and thermal response. This review analyzes recent progress in pyrotechnic materials through oxidizer chemistry, thermal and kinetic behavior, study-normalized performance comparison and bibliometric mapping. Representative oxidizer families, including nitrates, perchlorates, chlorates, metal oxides, hybrid oxide–salt systems, high-nitrogen salts, halogen-oxo oxidizers and coordination nitrate complexes, are compared in terms of chemical role and functional output. Thermal data show that decomposition temperature, heat release and activation energy must be interpreted together, since lower activation energy can indicate either enhanced reactivity or degradation during aging. A study-normalized relative performance factor (RPF) was used to compare performance changes within individual publications. The strongest relative improvements were associated with oxide selection, particle-size reduction, hybrid oxidizer design and coupling of nanothermites with gas-generating components. Bibliometric mapping confirmed a shift toward metal-based energetic materials, nanothermites, gas generators, combustion diagnostics, color systems and pyrotechnic devices. These trends show that oxidizer chemistry, particle architecture and additive function are increasingly selected for defined pressure, gas, light or thermal outputs.
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Advanced Techniques for Thorium Recovery from Mineral Deposits: A Comprehensive Review
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2025-10-24)
Tolganay Atamanova
;
Bakhytzhan T. Lesbayev
;
Сандугаш Кудайбергеновна Танирбергенова
;
Zhanna Alsar
;
Aisultan Kalybay
Thorium has emerged as a promising alternative to uranium in nuclear energy systems due to its higher natural abundance, favorable conversion to fissile 233U, and reduced generation of long-lived transuranic waste. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced techniques for thorium recovery from primary ores and secondary resources. The main mineralogical carriers—including monazite, thorianite, thorite, and cheralite as well as industrial by-products such as rare-earth processing tailings—are critically examined with respect to their occurrence and processing potential. Physical enrichment methods (gravity, magnetic, and electrostatic separation) and hydrometallurgical approaches (acidic and alkaline leaching) are analyzed in detail, highlighting their efficiencies, limitations, and environmental implications. Particular emphasis is placed on modern separation strategies such as solvent extraction with organophosphorus reagents, diglycolamides, and ionic liquids, as well as extraction chromatography, nanocomposite sorbents, ion-imprinted polymers, and electrosorption on carbon-based electrodes. These techniques demonstrate significant progress in enhancing selectivity, reducing reagent consumption, and enabling recovery from low-grade and secondary feedstocks. Environmental and radiological aspects, including waste minimization, immobilization, and regulatory frameworks, are discussed as integral components of sustainable thorium management. Finally, perspectives on hybrid technologies, digital process optimization, and economic feasibility are outlined, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary approaches that combine chemistry, materials science, and environmental engineering. Collectively, the analysis highlights the transition from conventional practices to integrated, scalable, and environmentally responsible technologies for thorium recovery.
Цитирования (OpenAlex) 8Цитирования (OpenCitations) 1

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