Bulletin of Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University

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STUDY OF THE SEMANTIC FEATURES OF SYNONYMS IN CHINESE IN RELATION TO VERBS AND NOUNS
(2022-01-01)
Gulzhan Akhmetbek
;
A. Zhenіs
Language consists of vocabulary, and the most important part of any language system is vocabulary. Phonetics and grammar are merely the pronunciation of words and their specific use. If phonetics and grammar are emphasized at the expense of vocabulary, learners will still not be able to express themselves well. The Chinese language itself is open and rich. Teaching vocabulary at the basic level is not as difficult as teaching phonetics and grammar and can therefore be easily neglected. Learners have many problems in learning vocabulary, and the biggest difficulty is recognizing synonyms. Teaching synonyms has always been an important and difficult problem that teachers focus their attention on, especially when teaching Chinese as a foreign language. Although ontology, the teaching of synonyms, has become more and more sophisticated, it cannot meet the current needs of teaching. There are many ways to distinguish synonyms, and the article distinguishes them under three aspects: rational meaning, emotional color, stylistic color and lexicality.
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THE EFFECT OF PSEUDOMONAS BACTERIA ON THE ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM OF PLANTS UNDER CONDITIONS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION
(2026-01-01)
А.А. Ramazanova
;
Gulzira Izmukhanovna Yernazarova
;
Sana Kabdrakhmanova
;
Khaiyrnisa Aisakulova
;
А.А. Kulbekova
This study investigated changes in the antioxidant system of Phaseolus vulgaris plants grown in a medium contaminated with heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Zn) and Pseudomonas spp., with the aim of evaluating the bioremediation effect of the bacterial consortium. The results showed that in the control group, antioxidant activity was 25% in the roots, 24% in the leaves, and 27% in the stems. Upon exposure to copper (Cu 0.01), these values increased significantly to 59%, 56%, and 57%, respectively, indicating activation of the antioxidant system in response to severe oxidative stress. When the copper concentration was reduced (Cu 0.001), antioxidant activity decreased to 14% in roots, 11% in leaves, and 18% in stems. In the case of cadmium (Cd 0.01), the values were 19%, 15%, and 18%, whereas in the Cd 0.001 treatment, an increase to 25% in leaves and 31% in stems was observed. Antioxidant activity decreased under zinc (Zn 0.01) exposure and amounted to 11% in roots, 4% in leaves, and 14% in stems, while the lowest values were recorded at Zn 0.001 (3%; 1.73%; 8%). The use of the Pseudomonas spp. consortium increased plant resistance to heavy metals and contributed to the stabilization of the antioxidant system. Overall, the results demonstrate that these bacteria can be used as an effective bioremediation agent by biosorbing heavy metal ions and reducing oxidative stress in plants.

Bulletin of Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University

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