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International relations and international law Journal
ISSN
1563-0285
2618-1215
Издатель
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
2 результаты
Показано: 1 - 2 из 2
- Некоторые метрики заблокированы вашиминастройками согласия
Тип записи:Публикация, Kazakhstan’s Energy Diplomacy from Hydrocarbon Power to DecarbonizationIn the context of transforming global energy markets, accelerating decarbonization, and the digitalization of energy systems, energy diplomacy is acquiring new forms that go beyond the classical geopolitics of hydrocarbons. Kazakhstan-one of Eurasia’s major exporters of oil and gas-occupies a unique position at the intersection of a resource-based development model, great-power competition, and the imperatives of the energy transition. This article examines how changes in global energy markets and the diffusion of digital technologies are reshaping Kazakhstan’s energy diplomacy amid geoeconomic rivalry between the United States, China, and Russia. The study draws on concepts from geoeconomics, energy security, and the international political economy of the energy transition, extending them through the incorporation of digitalization and climate governance. Methodologically, the paper employs a three-case analytical design comprising the Trans-Caspian transport corridor as an infrastructure-geopolitical case, Kazakhstan’s Emissions Trading System (KAZ ETS) as an institutional-climate case, and the digitalization of the electricity grid led by KEGOC as a technological-governance case. The findings demonstrate that Kazakhstan’s energy diplomacy is evolving into a hybrid form in which hydrocarbon power, transit infrastructure, and digital-climate instruments function as mutually reinforcing sources of geoeconomic influence. Diversification through the Trans-Caspian corridor reduces transit dependence on Russia, KAZ ETS enhances institutional compatibility with European climate regimes, and energy digitalization improves sectoral governance and investment attractiveness. Together, these dynamics expand Kazakhstan’s foreign-policy autonomy and access to markets and green finance. More broadly, the article shows that in the era of energy transition, power in energy is increasingly shaped not only by control over resources but also by control over infrastructure, data, and regulatory standards. Kazakhstan’s experience illustrates how middle powers can leverage the energy and digital transition to strengthen their geoeconomic position in a multipolar system. Key words: Energy diplomacy; Kazakhstan; energy transition; decarbonization; energy digitalization; Trans-Caspian corridor; KAZ ETS; geoeconomicsЦитирования (OpenAlex) 1 - Некоторые метрики заблокированы вашиминастройками согласия
Тип записи:Публикация, Гендерное неравенство в образовательной среде: международный опыт и Республика КазахстанGender inequality in education has changed significantly over the past decades. After all, education is the most important tool for human resource development and a universal human right, as well as an important component of women's empowerment. This study attempts to answer the question: what changes have occurred in the field of gender inequality in the international educational environment through the analysis of domestic and foreign literature on this topic. The article deals with empirical research and theoretical views on gender inequality in the education system. It explores how education reform during the last decade affected on gender equality. An analysis of the trend of gender inequality in the world was also carried out. It explains the reasons of man and woman inequality in education and analyzes how it affects the economy, demography, social sphere, and so on. Thus, gender inequality in education has a direct impact on economic growth by reducing the average quality of human capital. It impedes progress in reducing fertility and infant mortality, thereby jeopardizing progress in welfare in developing countries. While this disparity is undesirable from a social equity perspective, it can also be argued that better use of women's potential in the marketplace can lead to greater efficiency. Education reproduces rather than challenges social inequalities. In addition, in some areas of relationships related to employment, education is important. This suggests that different interests can shape effect of schooling on men's attitudes towards women, and that education can offer women resources that encourage some change in their interpretation of status. Key words: inequality, education, gender, human resource, analysis.Цитирования (OpenCitations) 1